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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
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Everything about Human Y-chromosome Dna Haplogroup totally explainedIn human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).
The Y Chromosome Consortium has established a system of defining Y-DNA haplogroups by letters A through T, with further subdivisions using numbers and lower case letters.
Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to a theoretical male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. Estimations of the date of this common ancestor have varied significantly in different studies.
Major haplogroups
Major Y-chromosome haplogroups include:
Table view
Groups A and B
Haplogroups A and B are only found in sub-Saharan Africa (and in populations extracted from there in modern times, primarily via Atlantic slave trade). The first to branch off was A, with defining mutation M91. All other haplogroups are summarized as BT (also referred to as YxA).
Groups with mutation M168 (CT)
The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the " Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 50,000 years ago. The M130 and M216 mutations that distinguish Haplogroup C from all other descendants of CT may have occurred somewhat earlier, perhaps even as early as 60,000 years ago, after the first Out of Africa migration brought Homo sapiens to the southern coast of Southwest Asia.
Haplogroup CF (P143) Found outside of Africa, throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas
- Haplogroup C (M130, M216) Found in eastern Eurasia, Oceania, Japan, and North America
- Haplogroup C1 (M8, M105, M131) Found in Japan
- Haplogroup C2 (M38) Found in Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
- Haplogroup C3 (M217, P44) Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Nivkhs, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples
- Haplogroup C4 (M347) Found among the indigenous peoples in Australia
- Haplogroup C5 (M356) Found in the Indian subcontinent
- Haplogroup F (M89, M213) Found in Southern India, Sri Lanka, Yunnan, Korea
- Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) ca. 65 ka
Groups descended from Haplogroup F (GT)
The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The mutation of IJ corresponds to a wave of migration out of the Middle East or Western Asia some 45 ka that subsequently spread into Europe (Cro-Magnon).
Haplogroup G originated in the Middle East or Caucasus, or perhaps further east as far as Pakistan some 30 ka, and spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution. Haplogroup H probably occurred in India some 30-40 ka, and remains prevalent there, spreading westwards in historical times with the Roma migration. Haplogroup K probably originated in southwestern Asia and spread widely to Africa, Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.
Haplogroup G (M201) ca. 30 ka Found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau, and Anatolia; in Europe mainly in Sardinia, Crete, northern Italy, northern Spain, the Tyrol, as well as Bohemia, Moravia; Britain and Norway at only 2%
- Haplogroup G1
- Haplogroup G2
- Haplogroup G2a
- Haplogroup G2b
- Haplogroup G2c (formerly Haplogroup G5)
- Haplogroup G2c1
- Haplogroup H (M69) Found in India, Sri Lanka
- Haplogroup IJ (P123, P124, P125, P126, P127, P129, P130) ca. 45 ka
- Haplogroup I (M170, M258) Found in Europe and parts of the Near East
- Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35)
- Haplogroup J* (minimal distribution)
- Haplogroup J1 Associated with Northeast Caucasian peoples in Dagestan and Semitic peoples in Mesopotamia, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, Ethiopia, and North Africa
- Haplogroup J2 (M172) Found mainly in the Mediterranean basin (esp. Italy, Greece, and the Balkans), Turkey, Georgia, Jews, Kurds, Central Asia, South Asia, Arabs, Somalis
- Haplogroup K (M9) Found in New Guinea, Australia
Groups descended from Haplogroup K (LT)
Haplogroup L is mainly found in South Asia. Haplogroup M is most prevalent in Papua New Guinea. The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia.
Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia and spread both east into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia. Haplogroup P gave rise to groups Q and R, and is rarely found in its undifferentiated stage. It probably originated in Central Asia or the Altai region. Haplogroup Q also originated in Central Asia, migrating east to North America.
Haplogroup L (M20) Found in South Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean
Haplogroup M (M4) Found in New Guinea and Melanesia
Haplogroup NO (M214) 35-40 ka (minimal distribution)
Haplogroup P (M45) (minimal distribution)
Haplogroup S (formerly Haplogroup K5) Found in the highlands of New Guinea
Haplogroup T (formerly Haplogroup K2) Found in Africa (mainly Afro-Asiatic-speaking peoples), the Middle East, the Mediterranean, South Asia
Groups descended from Haplogroup NO (M214)
The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia.
Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia and spread both east into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Haplogroup NO (M214) 35-40 ka (minimal distribution)
- Haplogroup N (LLY22g, M231) Found in northernmost Eurasia, especially among the Uralic peoples
- Haplogroup O (M175) Found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific
- Haplogroup O1 (MSY2.2) Found in eastern and southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, especially among Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples
- Haplogroup O2 (P31, M268)
- Haplogroup O2a (M95) Found in Japan, southern China, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, especially among Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai-Kadai peoples, Malays, and Indonesians
- Haplogroup O2b (SRY465, M176) Found in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia
- Haplogroup O3 (M122) Found throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia
Groups descended from Haplogroup P (M45)
Haplogroup Q is a branch of haplogroup P (M45). It is believed to have arisen in Siberia or Central Asia approximately 35-40 000 years ago. Haplogroup Q is closely related to haplogroup R (M207), as both Groups Q and R share a common marker (M45).
Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) M242 found amongst all Q subgroups in addition to the additional markers listed after each subclade (Occurred ~15,000-20,000 years ago. Found in Asia and the Americas)
The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in lineages R1a and R1b.
R1a likely originated in the Eurasian Steppes, and is associated with the Kurgan culture and Proto-Indo-European expansion. It is primarily found in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. R1b originated prior to or during the last glaciation, when it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe; it's also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Some form of R1b, perhaps R1b1* (P25), probably migrated westward to populate Western Europe around 35,000 ybp. Its subclade R1b1c (M269) is the haplogroup that's most commonly found among modern European populations, especially those of Western Europe.
Haplogroup R1 (M173) Found throughout western Eurasia
Haplogroup R2 (M124) Found in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern EuropeFurther Information
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